Previous studies have provided plenty of behavioral and neurophysiological evidence on the role of linguistic experience ( Louwerse and Jeuniaux, 2010) and affective experience ( Kousta et al., 2011 Vigliocco et al., 2014 Yao et al., 2019) in grounding of abstract concepts. Within this framework, an integrate embodied view, multiple representation theory was proposed, suggesting that abstract concepts could be grounded in sensorimotor systems (e.g., visual and motor information) like concrete concepts, but they would activate to a larger extent linguistic, emotional, and social experience ( Borghi et al., 2017, 2019 Pecher, 2018). The way in which abstract concepts are acquired and represented has become a topic of intense debate in recent years, especially after the emergence of the embodied approaches to cognition ( Yee, 2019). Overall, our findings confirm the crucial role of social experience for abstract concepts and further suggest that not all abstract concepts can benefit from social experience, at least in the semantic priming.Ībstract concepts (e.g., freedom) are cognitively more complex compared with concrete concepts (e.g., cat) because they do not possess a bounded, identifiable object as referent, thus, their perceived content is more variable both within and across individuals. This pattern of results suggests that a facilitatory effect of social experience on abstract concepts varies with different sub-kinds of abstract concepts, that seems to be limited to positive SA concepts. However, such facilitatory effect was not observed in negative picture-SA/EA word conditions. Specifically, positive SA words were facilitated by the corresponding social scene pictures, whereas positive EA words were facilitated by pictures depict the corresponding facial expressions and gestures. The results showed quicker responses to positive SA and EA words that were preceded by related vs. All pairs shared either positive or negative valence. Using a lexical decision task, we examined responses to picture-SA word pairs (Experiment 1) and picture-EA word pairs (Experiment 2) in social/emotional semantically related and unrelated conditions. In the present study, a picture-word semantic priming paradigm was employed to investigate the contribution effect of social experience that is provided by real-life pictures to social abstract (SA, e.g., friendship, betrayal) concepts and emotional abstract (EA, e.g., happiness, anger) concepts. Recent views highlight an important role of social experience in grounding of abstract concepts and sub-kinds of abstract concepts, but empirical work in this area is still in its early stages. Humans can understand thousands of abstract words, even when they do not have clearly perceivable referents. 2School of Humanities, Xidian University, Xi’an, China.1School of Foreign Studies, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China.Zhao Yao 1 *, Yu Chai 1, Peiying Yang 2, Rong Zhao 1 and Fei Wang 1 *
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